Many of these historic maps have been photographed or digitized and are available online. In terms of maps of Philadelphia where Azavea is based, both the Hexamer and Locher maps on PhillyHistory.org and the maps available at the Greater Philadelphia GeoHistory Network give great insight into how the city has changed and developed.

There are some maps though that just have to be seen in person. This Spring, a number of museums and libraries are displaying beautiful historic maps as part of various exhibitions. If you have a chance, it just might be worth tearing yourself away from the computer for awhile to marvel at the talents of cartographers throughout the centuries.

The Matteo Ricci World Map (1602) at the Library of Congress: On exhibit for the first time in North America, this 5.5 feet tall by 12.5 feet wide map displays China at the center of the world and was also the first Chinese map to show the Americas. More information is available in the New York Times review of the exhibition.

Mapping New York’s Shoreline, 1609-2009 at the New York Public Library: An exhibition of maps, atlases, prints, and other items tells the story of New York’s waterways and harbors over the course of four centuries.

Mapping Discoveries in the Heavens and Controversies on Earth from the Harvard Map Collection: Maps are not always of land. This exhibition explores Galileo’s celestial observations and their impact on the world. 

Envisioning the World currently on view at the Princeton University Library: A traveling exhibition of rare world maps from the collection of Henry Wendt, a Princeton alumnus.

This is the first time a portion of the map, spruced up and freshly painted, with small lights to pinpoint individual Olympic venues, has been seen in public since its home at the PNE was demolished in 1997.

The map was made by hand over 7 years by George Challenger.  Each of 986,000 plywood pieces was cut by hand and glued together to form the map.  Quite an amazing project.

Perhaps, to many people, it just seems easier to find information in documents. You locate the papers related to your topic and then read the list of names or the journal entries or the ledgers from a business. It can take a bit more time to figure out what exactly you are looking at with a map and how the street names, businesses, railroad lines, parcel outlines, and other features can assist with research. With a little effort (and online tools in some cases), maps can serve as an excellent source of historical information.

Hexamer & Locher Plate 62A, 1859

Maps provide great visual documentation for how a neighborhood, city, or other geographic area has changed over time. For a recent article on the history of Callowhill, the neighborhood in Philadelphia where Azavea is located, I turned to some excellent online maps. The Hexamer & Locher maps on PhillyHistory.org show that Callowhill was filled with small rowhouses by 1859, verifying other sources that list Callowhill as an area filled with the homes of factory workers and their families. To go beyond simply looking at land parcels and find out more specific information, I used several of the many, many maps available on the Greater Philadelphia GeoHistory Network website. The site features an extremely helpful Interactive Maps Viewer that allows users to layer historic maps on top of each other, adjust the transparency levels, and apply a current streets overlay to compare past geography to the present landscape.

Thanks to the 1895 Philadelphia Atlas developed by George and Walter Bromley, I was able to discover the names of businesses that operated in Callowhill. The Standard Iron Foundry, the Knickerbocker Ice Co., the Hoopes & Townsend Nut and Bolt Works, the First Regiment Armory, Monroe School, and dozens of other buildings are clearly labeled and outlined on the map. By comparing this map with the 1942 and 1962 Philadelphia Land Use maps, it was possible to see how the neighborhood changed over time as businesses moved, changed names, declined, and grew.

1895 Philadelphia Atlas

It seems obvious that maps provide insight into the history of a neighborhood. With a little analysis, their usefulness can extend to other research topics as well. A genealogist may locate a distant ancestor in a census or city directory from the late 1800s. If that census or directory provides an address, the genealogist can locate their ancestor’s house on a map and discover entirely new research possibilities. Did their ancestor attend the school two blocks over? Did they settle in the neighborhood because they worked at the nearby factory? Or did they use the trolley that ran in front of their house to commute to a job in another neighborhood? Maps also serve as tool for historians. Why did factories choose to start up businesses in this area? How did railroad lines and other construction projects affect the area? Why did people choose to live here? Did they have a choice or were they influenced by socioeconomic or cultural pressures?

At Azavea, we’re obviously convinced of the value of maps. We’re also doing our part to help make information about historic maps and streets more accessible. In addition to making the Hexamer & Locher maps available on PhillyHistory.org, one of our research projects includes development of a historic geocoder which would enable users to geocode historic addresses that may not currently exist under the same name.

Sometimes, though, it’s fun to forget about modern cartography for a minute and check out maps from the past – many of which differ radically from how we think of maps. A mappa mundi (Latin for cloth of the world) is a general term for a type of Medieval European world map. There are several kinds of mappae mundi and the features on the maps vary widely. Some illustrate only the world as it was known at the time while others include unknown or unidentified lands as well as locations from classical history, legend, or the Bible. The maps were not used as navigation tools but instead served as visual histories, teaching objects, and illustrations of religious or philosophic ways of understanding the world and what was seen as God’s creation.

The Hereford Mappa Mundi from Wikimedia Commons.

Often circular in shape, the maps usually depicted a familiar, known geographic feature in the center with additional locations expanding outward. The Hereford Mappa Mundi, the largest medieval map still in existence at around 5 feet high and 4 feet 6 inches wide, features Jerusalem at the center with Egypt to the right, the Ganges River near the top of the map, and England in the lower left corner. The Sawley Map, a world map drawn circa 1190 and currently on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, also places Jerusalem and the Mediterranean Sea at the center of the circle and includes Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria and other cities in the surrounding area. Images of angels encircle the map and Paradise is shown at the very top of the world. These maps might not be very useful for traveling, but they do serve as wonderful resources for information on medieval thought, education, culture, and the arts.

While we don’t have any spare mappae mundi hanging around the office, Azavea has done work with historic maps before. PhillyHistory.org contains the Hexamer & Locher maps, which date from 1858-1860, and the AfricaMap project features several maps from the 17^th and 18^th centuries, including one with great illustrations of sea monsters.