A New Satellite in the GPS Constellation

After a week of delays caused by everything from technical malfunctions to bad weather, the first in a series of GPS IIF satellites was finally launched from Cape Canaveral late in the evening on May 27, 2010.  A total of twelve IIF satellites are expected to launch through 2014, with the next launch tentatively scheduled for November 2010. 

The IIF satellites are part of the ongoing modernization of the GPS constellation by the United States Air Force.  The IIFs have improved atomic clocks used for timing and are therefore expected to provide more accurate navigation signals than those currently available from the rest of the GPS constellation.  The IIFs will also broadcast the civil L5 signal for safety-of-life applications, which has the potential to enhance indoor reception with its wider bandwidth and lower frequency.  The new satellites will also be compatible with the Galileo, GLONASS and QZSS constellations.  In addition, the IIFs will assist the IIRM series already in orbit with military-specific M-code, a unique encryption for military users requiring secure access. 

The new satellite, officially known as GPS IIF-1 SV-1, is expected to begin broadcasting its signal to GPS users following a three- to four-month testing period.  In addition to being the first in the new IIF satellite series, this launch was significant for another reason as well.  GPS IIF 1 SV-1 was carried into orbit on a Delta IV rocket, making it the first GPS satellite since 1985 that was not placed in orbit by an Atlas rocket.

The new IIF satellite series has finally launched.  An example of the IIF satellite series. (Public domain image courtesy of http://pnt.gov/public/images/.)

The new IIF satellite series has finally launched. (Public domain image courtesy of http://pnt.gov/public/images/.)

OpenStreetMap on ArcGIS.com

I’m confident that my recent post asking that ESRI add some support for OpenStreetMap had nothing to do with it, but I’m still happy to report that ESRI rolled out its new ArcGIS.com web site and one of the new basemaps is OSM.  Pretty cool.

OSM in ArcGIS.com

I could quibble. For example, there are no tiles for the highest zoom levels, and that just seems like a sad omission. Nonetheless, there’s global coverage and it’s a major vote of support for OSM.  BTW, I also think the design of the new ArcGIS.com web site represents a vast improvement overt the ArcGIS Online system.  It’s got a straightforward user interface and muted style that’s easy on the eye.
OSM BaseMap Limits

Azavea Has Become a Certified B Corporation. What’s That?

We are pleased and proud to announce that we have joined over 280 other leading companies who are setting a new corporate standard for social and environmental performance, by becoming a Certified B Corporation, a.k.a B Corp.

B what? you might ask!

Last spring Azavea joined a regional organization called the Sustainable Business Network (SBN) of Greater Philadelphia.  Originally founded by Judy Wicks of the White Dog Cafe, SBN is now part of a national network of private, independent, locally owned businesses that operate in support of a “triple bottom line“.  The triple bottom line extends the measurement of business success from the usual bottom line (profits) to “people, planet and profit” and is based on the idea that companies should consider environmental and social impact as well as the usual profit motive.  While the idea was originally developed by a UK management consultant, John Elkington, it has spread to many parts of the world.

As part of joining SBN, we filled out an extensive survey created by an organization called B Lab.  B Lab (also based in the Philadelphia region though it operates nationally) was created to promote the designation of a new corporate form, the “B Corporation“.  Under current IRS regulations, there are several types of private for-profit businesses including C Corporations, S Corporations, LLC’s, LLP’s, partnerships and sole proprietors.  Azavea is an S Corporation (which is a C Corporation that elects a special status under Subchapter S of the IRS code).  The B Corporation status represents a new type or for-profit company that uses the power of businesses operating in a market-based economy to solve social and ecosystem problems. B Lab is working with state legislatures to try to have the B Corporation status added as a new corporate form in each state.

b-corp-collage-475x171_azavea

Azavea joins other leading B Corp companies

So you might be thinking that all of that Corporate Social Responsibility (or “CSR”, to those in the know) stuff sounds good, but it’s actually kind of hard to measure.  How can they separate the green-washing from the sincere operations?  So B Lab has developed a survey that attempts to capture the business practices of an organization and score them.  Companies that score high enough can become certified as B Corporations.  And they don’t just take your word for it, they audit the firm’s statements to ensure the integrity of the results.

But it’s not all. To become certified, B Corporations must meet comprehensive and transparent social and environmental performance standards, and amend their corporate by-laws to incorporate the interests of employees, community, and the environment. They also agree to contribute a portion of their revenue (based on the company’s size) each year to B Lab to support the program, and to undergo an audit of their business practices once every 2 years to ensure that their business practices continue to align with the B Corporation’s principles.

You might now wonder why Azavea would qualify.  The B Corporation status emphasizes the triple bottom line of social responsibility, sustainability and profitability (people, planet, profit).  At Azavea, many of our business decisions stem from these three principles.

We were founded in 2000 with the vision to build innovative location-based web and mobile solutions and perform spatial analysis for clients committed to making positive and enduring impacts in the communities they serve. We have worked with numerous non-profit, academic and government clients to answer complex geospatial questions in a wide variety of domains including natural resource planning, neighborhood revitalization, economic development, crime analysis, real estate property analysis, redistricting, political advocacy, and cultural resources.

But most of our B Corporation points came from our management and employment practices, including:

  • Financial transparency – we open the books to all of our full-time staff
  • We hold at least two meetings per year to report to employees on company performance
  • 100% health care, prescriptions and dental care.  For care that’s not covered by our health plan, we offer up to $2,000 per year in medical reimbursements
  • Public Transit and biking cost reimbursement plans
  • Paid time off for voting
  • Paid maternity and paternity leave
  • Retirement plan with company match
  • Profit sharing plan
  • Domestic partner benefits
  • 3 weeks vacation plus additional sick time
  • Training and professional development opportunities
  • Reimbursement for continuing education expenses
  • Part-time / flex time schedules available
  • Portion of profits go to charitable organizations
  • Mission statement that incorporates social value and employee interests

Moreover, our 10% personal research and pro bono programs have enabled staff members to spend some time working on projects that are not focused on the immediate needs of a particular client, while at the same time enabling the company to expand its skill sets and broaden its business opportunities in areas and domains not explored before. These programs have been at the source of projects such as Walkshed (to calculate and map walkability), BusMinder (a real-time bus notification application), a white paper on Gerrymandering, geographic service maps for MANNA, and the Haitian Earthquake Registry, to name a few.

The same service-oriented attitude extends to Azavea’s commitment to redistributing a minimum of 2% of our annual profits to charitable organizations selected by staff through the company’s “Time to Give Back” program.

But we’re not resting on our laurels! In addition to the business benefits, the B Lab survey also highlighted some areas where we can improve.  Here are some of the ideas:

  • Establish a Board of Advisers made up people independent of the company
  • Develop an environmental policy
  • Conduct environmental review / audit and share with staff and customers
  • Measure our annual energy consumption and use it to develop metrics by which we can reduce it

We are proud of our new corporate status and look forward to implementing some of the above ideas in our business practices.

AWRA GIS and Water Resources Conference

The American Water Resources Association (AWRA) held its Spring Specialty Conference on GIS and Water Resources from March 29-31, 2010 in Orlando, Florida.  I had the privilege of attending this event to present a poster on using the Sajara software framework to manage hardcopy infrastructure plans.  Azavea also prepared a paper for the conference proceedings to help utility organizations digitize their hardcopy documents and otherwise prepare them for integration in the Sajara software framework. 

The AWRA Conference covered a diverse range of subjects involving the use of GIS in the water resources industry.  There were presentations on hydrologic modeling, watershed delineation, data sharing, software interface development and land use applications, just to name a few.  The poster session added topics such as coastal management, agriculture, community water systems, education and irrigation, as well as document management.  Many of the organizations looking at Sajara to manage their infrastructure plans were also interested in using GIS for stormwater management applications, similar to what the Philadelphia Water Department is doing with phillystormwater.org.    

The opening plenary session featured Jack Dangermond with additional details on his vision for GIS in the cloud” and web services to enable data sharing.  He particularly referenced CUAHSI HIS (Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Science Inc.), an organization representing over 100 United States universities.  CUAHSI has received National Science Foundation support to develop a web API and the HydroDesktop software application.  The desktop application has been released as open source and available at no cost to users to help them download and manage available water data.  But the web API and the database behind it are most interesting parts of the project.  CUAHSI harvests sensor feeds of water data from 1000’s of sites across the United States.  This data is archived and made available through a SOAP interface   Dangermond collaborated with David Maidment on a paper for the AWRA proceedings that outlined the integration of water resources data using GIS and the web more generally and the CUAHSI project specifically.  Maidment is the Director of the Center for Research in Water Resources at the University of Texas in Austin and heavily involved in the CUAHSI project.  Both of them were also part of a panel discussion on the future of water resources information. 

In addition to discussing Sajara with various organizations, one of the highlights of the conference for me was a presentation by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regarding GIS past, present and future for water resources applications.  Part of their vision for the future includes augmented reality applications, enabled by smart phones, special glasses or potentially car windshields, which would augment the reality experience of approaching a well or other infrastructure asset, for example, with critical descriptive information, or even diagrams and engineering plans overlaid on the reality view.  The potential for these projects is very exciting to me, particularly since the Philadelphia Department of Records recently received funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities under its Digital Humanities Startup Grant program to develop an augmented reality application for PhillyHistory.org that would enable smart phone users to view historic photographs of the city as an overlay on their camera displays by simply pointing their smart phone cameras at selected buildings. 

AWRA will be holding this year’s annual conference right here in Philadelphia beginning on November 1, 2010.  They will be addressing regional topics of interest to Mid-Atlantic water resources organizations.  Perhaps Azavea will see you there.

The Poster Session at the AWRA Conference demonstrated Sajara’s ability to organize, search and retrieve infrastructure documents in a single web interface.  Azavea’s poster was one of more than forty posters showcasing various aspects of GIS for the water resources industry.

The Poster Session at the AWRA Conference demonstrated Sajara’s ability to organize, search and retrieve infrastructure documents in a single web interface. Azavea’s poster was one of more than forty posters showcasing various aspects of GIS for the water resources industry.

GLONASS Constellation Update

Russia launched three additional GLONASS satellites on March 1, 2010.  The launch was originally scheduled for September 2009, but had to be postponed when problems emerged with a similar satellite already in orbit and sent the three new satellites back to the factory for pre-launch repairs.  The GLONASS constellation now includes 23 operational satellites, two of which are being used in a reserve capacity.  A 21-satellite constellation provides 98.5% global availability.  With three additional satellites expected to launch in August and another launch scheduled for November, the GLONASS constellation could reach 99.5% global availability by the end of 2010. 

As a comparison, the current GPS constellation maintained by the United States includes 32 satellites and reached full operational capacity in 1995.  It takes a minimum of 24 operational satellites to provide complete global availability.

When will ESRI Support OpenStreetMap?

OpenStreetMap: the free wiki world map

ESRI has a perception problem. It is similar to the one that Microsoft and other commercial software firms have developed vis-a-vis open source software projects. ESRI is perceived by many in the open source world as being opposed to open source software. While I think ESRI has fed this perception to some extent, the open source community has also cultivated a “David vs. Goliath” approach that encourages an adversarial relationship with the larger software companies that I don’t think it terribly helpful either.

But as Paul Ramsey recently pointed out in his address at the FOSS4G 2009 conference in Sydney, most of the mainstream commercial software firms now support open source software platforms, melding commercial and open source business models. Commercial software firms contribute to open source projects for a myriad of reasons including:

  • As a critical component of their platform
  • Low cost R&D
  • Build a broad constituency for a standard
  • Increase the number of developers focused on a particular platform
  • Retire a platform while still enabling customers to receive support

ESRI has pursued at least three of these approaches in its work with open source projects, and while projecting a competitive attitude about some open source projects (and justifiably so), they also deserve some credit for supporting open source projects in a variety of areas including:

ESRI also gave us an open specification on the now venerable shapefile and looks set to do the same (after some years of delay) for the File Geodatabase. And ESRI has contributed resources to development as well as platform support for many of the OGC standards. I would also argue that many of the most successful open source projects could not exist without substantial support from commercial software companies.  PostGIS would not have got off the ground without early and ongoing support from Refractions. Apache and many Java projects gained from substantial investments by IBM.  In other words, I don’t think we gain by having open source software seen as being in opposition to commercial software.  It’s simply part of a complex software development ecosystem.

But I opened by saying that ESRI has a perception problem. In addition to continuing to support select open source projects when it makes strategic sense, I’d like to make a pitch for ESRI supporting the OpenStreetMap project. OpenStreetMap is really multiple projects. It does include open source (GPL) software that would probably be of limited interest to ESRI, but it’s primary output is an open map of the planet. Just as ESRI has helped to encourage the broad use of free government data sets like the Census TIGER and USGS data sets, it should help promote the OpenStreetMap effort.

Why support it?

  • More data means more use of GIS: In the same way that free distribution of TIGER, USGS, Dept of Defense and other data sets catalyzed GIS development in the 1980′s and 1990′s, more data in more parts of the world will encourage more sophisticated uses of GIS, where ESRI really shines.
  • PR value: Support for the OpenStreetMap project will give ESRI some of the street cred that companies like AutoDesk have gained by contributing software projects to the open source community.
  • Free data for ArcGIS Online: The OpenStreetMap data set offers a free, global data set with distinctive cartography that covers some parts of the world even better than the commercial providers. Providing an OSM map service to ArcGIS Online will only make it more attractive for ESRI’s customers.

How should it be supported?

  • ArcGIS Desktop: Enable ArcMap to both display data from OSM and be an editor. The ESRI desktop GIS community are some of the most skilled and knowledgeable people engaged with map production. By enabling them to use the software tools with which they are already familiar (rather than the capable, but clunkier tools like Mercartor and JOSM), they will be able to make valuable contributions to OSM that will make the map better in every part of the world.
  • Toolboxes: Create tools that convert OSM data formats to feature classes.
  • ArcGIS Online: Provide an OSM-based map tile set.

The OSM project is not public domain, so there are important license considerations, but even with the currently proposed revisions, it’s a pretty open license with only attribution and share-alike provisions limiting its use.  But as the Haiti earthquake response demonstrated, OSM is an important and evolving piece of infrastructure that will only be better with ESRI’s support.

——–

UPDATE: 3/22/2010

I should have also cited a recent ESRI blog on some techniques for incorporating OpenStreetMap into ArcGIS Server that are possible now.  These include:

  • Use the WMS extension
  • Use the Data Interoperability Extension (a nice package from Safe Software that is an extension for both the ArcGIS desktop and ArcGIS Server) which now support the OSM XML file directly.  Export the data from OSM to shapefiles or a geodatabase and serve it up.
  • You can also use an extension Azavea (that’s us) created for the ArcGIS Flex API that supports direct integration of the OSM tile structure for Flex apps.

Crime Science vs. Criminology

The video below is of Professor Gloria Laycock, Director of the UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science talking about near repeat patterns and other risk forecasting methodologies being researched at the UCL Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science. She makes an interesting statement in regards to the differences between criminology and crime science which she describes as:

…the use of science and scientists directly in the control of crime. Not just using technology, but getting everyone to think as scientists and test hypotheses to build knowledge from the data